Roman Terms Covering Politics, Law, War, and Lifestyle
The Latin language was used all over the Roman Empire primarily during the first through third centuries A.D. Even though it evolved over time, it is still the root language of many that are spoken today. Latin terms are often found in the histories of Roman politics, law, war, and lifestyle. Many of these terms were the foundations of what would eventually become the foundation of the many European languages we hear today.
In this article, we’re going to discuss some of the most commonly used Roman terms pertaining to politics, law, war, and lifestyle. By learning about these terms, anyone can become better informed about Roman history and be able to use the appropriate terminology when talking about it.
Politics
The Roman political system was highly organized and hierarchical. Latin terms were used to communicate and clarify the divided roles of politicians and citizens alike.
Here is a list of some of the most popular Latin terms used in Roman politics:
• Imperium – Refers to the power and authority of the Roman Emperor.
• Legatus – A representative or envoy of the Senate who was sent to govern and provide legal advice in a province.
• Curia – The official assembly of all Rome’s political and legal leaders who discussed and approved policy.
• Consul – The two chief magistrates that were elected by the people and responsible for representing the Senate and heading military operations.
• Tribunus – A popular magistrate that served as a last resort for resolving legal disputes.
• Plebs – Common people; those without any official political authority.
• Praetor – A Roman magistrate with judicial and administrative powers.
• Pontifex – An elected high priest who was responsible for governing religious affairs.
• Senatus – The official assembly of Rome’s aristocrats and senators.
Law
The Roman legal system was complex and sophisticated. The law was based on tradition, case law, and innumerable written works of jurists which was all passed down from one generation to the next. Latin was the language of record and many Latin terms were used by early Roman jurists.
Listed below are some of the most commonly used terms in the Roman legal system:
• Lex – Refers to a formal group of laws passed by the Roman Senate.
• Codex – A compilation of various laws, comments, and notes form the Roman jurists.
• ius – Refers to the obligations of Roman citizens as written in a law.
• Responsa – A consultation of a jurist that is used to interpret a legal debate.
• Praetor – Refers to judges known for their legal knowledge in Roman law.
• Quaestores – Magistrates tasked with investigating facts, rendering judgments, and recording trials and investigations.
• Sententia – A legal opinion in the form of a statement or answer.
• Prima Facia – Refers to a legal action that is self-evident and needs no testimony to prove it.
• Tabula – Refers to a written document that was the basis of a judgement or decision.
• Universitas – Refers to a judicial association of Roman citizens with common rights and legal protection.
War
The mighty Roman Empire expanded its territories with military strategy and prowess. Roman war was conducted with elaborate ceremonies, religious celebrations, and even choreographed battles. Latin terms were commonly used during this time to describe the equipment and tactics used by the Roman army as well as the roles of different members of the military.
Below is a list of some of the Latin terms used to describe Roman warfare:
• Imperium – Refers to the power and authority of the Roman emperor over his armies.
• Legatus – A high ranking officer who commanded an army and held the powers of magistrates.
• Centurio – A commander of a century of soldiers who was responsible for the unit’s discipline and overall performance.
• Turma/Turmae – A group of 30 cavalry mounted soldiers.
• Cohors – Refers to a defensive infantry regiment of 500-600 men.
• Hastati – Young infantry soldiers that formed the first line of defence.
• Principes – Experienced infantry soldiers that formed the second rank of a unit.
• Triarii – The most experienced soldiers who formed the third and final line of defence.
• Praetorian Guard – A select group of highly-trained Roman soldiers tasked with protecting the emperor.
• Ballista – A large siege weapon that was used for hurling large stones or spears.
• Onager – A catapult-like weapon that was used for firing heavy stones.
Lifestyle
The lifestyle of Ancient Rome was quite different from what we experience today. Although Roman civilization had advances in literature, arts and sciences, topics such as Roman law, government, and religious beliefs were discussed in Latin terms. Many of these ancient terms have given us insight into how the Romans lived in their time.
Here is a list of popular Latin terms used to describe the lifestyle of Ancient Rome:
• Civitas – Refers to an independent state or political community of Roman citizens.
• Collegia – Any non-official associations of Roman citizens such as clubs, cults, and guilds.
• Libertas – The Roman concept of freedom, independence, and protection of rights.
• Patria – Refers to the concept of Roman citizenship, either by birth or adoption.
• Senatus – The supreme governing body in Ancient Rome and the final authority on most matters.
• Familia – Used to describe the members of an extended family or household.
• Domus – Refers to the Roman concept of the family home.
• Campus – Refers to an outdoor area for recreation or military activity.
• Lupanarium – An establishment of prostitution or an illicit brothel.
• Collegia/Convivia – Refers to entertainment or celebrations with friends and relatives.
• Arena – Refers to an amphitheatre or an open-air structure used for entertainment.
The Latin language was widely used by the Ancient Romans in all facets of life. They used Latin terms in politics, law, war, and lifestyle to create and maintain a well-organized and advanced society. Even though Latin evolved over time, many of the terms they created are still found in many European languages. Understanding these terms is important for anyone who wants to become informed about Ancient Roman history. Hopefully this article has been helpful in helping you understand some of the most commonly used Latin terms pertaining to politics, law, war, and lifestyle.
